NETWORKING FAQ

#sh cdp nei

Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge

                  S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater

Device ID        Local Intrfce     Holdtme    Capability  Platform  Port ID

R1                           Eth 0/0            160        R S I      3640      Eth 0/0

what does this "R S I" means on above output in the capability section?

ChatGPT

In the output you provided, "R S I" refers to the capabilities of the neighboring device identified by the CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol). Each letter corresponds to a capability that the device possesses:

R: Router

S: Switch

I: IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)

In this case, the neighboring device is identified as having the capabilities of a Router, a Switch, and supporting IGMP. These capabilities give you information about the type of device and its networking functionalities.

IP HEADER
The IP (Internet Protocol) header is a crucial component of network communication, used to facilitate the routing of data packets across interconnected networks. It contains essential information needed for the source and destination hosts to correctly transmit and receive data.

The basic format of an IPv4 header is as follows:

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|Version|  IHL  |Type of Service |         Total Length                                  |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|         Identification        |Flags|      Fragment Offset                                  |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|  Time to Live |    Protocol   |         Header Checksum                              |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                       Source Address                                                                   |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                    Destination Address                                                               |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

|                    Options                    |    Padding                                             |

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Here's a breakdown of the fields:

1. Version (4 bits): Indicates the IP version being used, such as IPv4 or IPv6.

2. IHL (Internet Header Length, 4 bits): Specifies the length of the header in 32-bit words.

3. Type of Service (8 bits): Specifies the quality of service and priority of the packet.

4. Total Length (16 bits): Represents the total size of the IP packet, including the header and data.

5. Identification (16 bits): Used to identify the group of fragments for reassembly.

6. Flags (3 bits): Used for fragmentation control.

7. Fragment Offset (13 bits): Indicates the position of the fragment within the original unfragmented packet.

8. Time to Live (8 bits): Specifies the maximum number of hops the packet can take before being discarded.

9. Protocol (8 bits): Identifies the upper-layer protocol that receives the packet from the IP layer.

10. Header Checksum (16 bits): Used for error detection in the header.

11. Source Address (32 bits): IP address of the sender.

12. Destination Address (32 bits): IP address of the intended recipient.

13. Options (variable length): Contains various control information, such as security, routing, and debugging options.

14. Padding (variable length): Adds extra bits to ensure the header is a multiple of 32 bits.

The IP header plays a pivotal role in the routing and delivery of data packets across networks, ensuring that they reach their intended destinations reliably and efficiently.

What is Administrative Distance?

ANS:- Administrative distance is a measure of the trustworthiness of the source of the routing information.



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